Author's note to the electronic version:
This essay originally appeared in the Teachers College Record,
73:2, December 1971, pp. 161-205. I wrote it in late 1970 and
early 1971, with generous support from the Carnegie Corporation.
Throughout the essay, I used "man" and associated masculine
pronouns consistently in a generic sense to include both genders.
Were I to rewrite the essay, I would change the usage, along
with much else. The electronic version reproduces the essay
unchanged, however, except to convert it to Device Independent
Format for citation by paragraphs rather than by page numbers.
Subsequent technologicial innovation has, of course, rendered
my 20th-century examples obsolete. Nevertheless, more than anything
I could envision in 1970, digital technologies are now providing
educators and students with tools of study, as opposed to tools
of instruction. As a result, the following reflections may have
some continuing relevance in 21st-century efforts to transform
education practice.
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